Assignment #1 Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

#1 - Assignment Example Based on your response, a reader should clearly be able to decide when an entity or event qualifies as an instance of this concept. Systematized Concept –A failed state is a sovereign state that has failed in providing its citizens with some of the basic conditions like security, education and health care usually due to poverty or fractious

History 5 questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

History 5 questions - Essay Example I agree that the only thing that made them human was the Christmas festivity which propelled them to enjoy the occasion. Despite hostility and even in the battle ground, Christmas spirit overtook the rigors of war. The repercussions of war are always bad and strip nations of not only wealth but also diminish their military and financial powers over the rest of the nations. The First World War was highly expensive in terms of technology driven warfare and much extended period of its ongoing battles that increasing covered all Europe. The industrialized nations like Germany, France and England had lost much of their accumulated wealth and had ultimately become indebted to United States. Moreover, war invariably leads to breaking of nations. As revealed, Germany had lost large region to France and Turkey had emerged as new nation from the ruin of Ottoman Empire. Thus, I believe that in the long run, war has no advantage and only leads to huge socio-economic loss and reduced political dominance. (words:

Sigmund Freud Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 2

Sigmund Freud - Essay Example Sigmund Freud is well-remembered by history not for coming up with the right answers,but for asking the right questions.His conception of mental illness as something that could be understood,engaged with,and treated transformed our conception of the mentally ill or mentally disabled,and led to gradual improvements in the treatment of sufferers, both of emotional disturbance and cognitive disability. For a long time, mental handicaps were seen as completely insurmountable, just something that nobody could engage with or do anything about. In the 20th century, though, that began to change. The notion that mental illness was treatable began to become widespread, and mental hospitals because places of treatment rather than mere confinement. A good example of the changing attitudes is the 1975 film One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest, based on Ken Kesey’s 1962 novel of the same title. In it, Randle McMurphy, played by Jack Nicholson, is transferred from prison to a mental instit ution, where he challenges the way the institution is run. Prior to his arrival, the institution is essentially a holding pen, a place where people are kept because society doesn’t want to deal with them. There is no real expectation that anyone ever will, or ever can, leave the institution or be cured of their problems. Indeed, McMurphy initially goes there because he thinks it will be an easier place than prison to serve out the remainder of his sentence, only to discover that one he’s in the institutional system, he can be kept there indefinitely against his will. However, by engaging with the other patients as human beings, McMurphy challenges the authority of the institutional system. He reveals that most of his fellow â€Å"nuts,† in his phrase, are capable of functioning at a higher level than they are given credit for, and even the mysterious Chief Bromden has been completely misdiagnosed. He’s not deaf and mute; he’s just very quiet. The s tory is a larger metaphor about the emasculating effects of institutional systems (it is not by accident that Nurse Ratched is female) but the very fact that it was set in a mental hospital reveals a serious change in attitudes toward the mentally ill and disabled. The 1960s were a fertile time for changing attitudes, and the liberation of McMurphy’s compatriots should be seen in that context. In 1968, the Special Olympics were founded, as parents of mentally disabled children were encouraged for the first time to take pride in their offspring despite their disability. Prior to this era, such parents were frequently told to have their children permanently institutionalized, and tell people they were dead. As another example, three years prior to the release of One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest, there had been a famous television expose of the Willowbrook State School, a grossly abusive and inadequate institution for mentally disabled children and youths. It led to a publ ic outcry and a series of reforms in how such institutions were run. One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest, in that sense, is chronicling an unfolding cultural narrative about the treatment of mental handicaps; it’s a story about changing attitudes that came out in a time of changing attitudes. There is often an easy narrative applied to the Civil War, one in which evil, racist Confederates are opposed by virtuous, non-racist Union troops. Few would phrase it in exactly that way, but that is the basic structure of the model many people absorb from pop culture and conventional wisdom. Like most such good-vs.-evil narratives, it is a gross oversimplification that misses much of its own point. Reality is, as ever, more complex. At another end of the spectrum, one finds those who insist that the war had nothing to do with slavery, that that was a mere incidental issue. Considering that every state that seceded wrote an elaborate proclamation of their reasons, and that every one of those documents cites slavery as their central ideological issue, the

Life without computers Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Life without computers - Research Paper Example Paper work has been reduced and large data regarding inventories and customer records can be maintained daily. Speed, accuracy and reliability are the hallmark of this technology. Millions of transactions can be performed in a very less time as compared to days without computer. Therefore, it is evident that computer is the blessing of science and one can perform numerous tasks without physical involvement. This has set pace to the life and has almost made the life indispensible without computers. Computer networking has made data sharing very easy. Now people can share huge amount of data programs without any problem. In future, it is going to possible to connect hundred of devices to fulfill different needs. Shrinking size of computers and then technology of laptops has made it convenient to get out of the office and use computers. This helps in remaining in touch with the people of the outside world. Certain colleges in developed countries have also offered students to share data with other students using computer networking. Computer networking within an organization and then down to within an office has made the job easy. Huge quantity of data can be shared with each other while sitting thousands of miles apart. Close circuit television cameras (CCTV) are now used to cater for any security threat to important areas. These cameras are interconnected to computer through networking and then monitored with the help of computer screens (Weiser 97). Internet technology has enhanced the use of computers manifolds. Initially it was only used by US defense department for military purpose and after seeing success it was introduced to general people. This has truly changed the world into the global village. Still the advancement is unstoppable. Now the world has almost entered the age of digital connectivity. Internet has become indispensible to people in a very short time due to its number of functions. Because of its

Levocetrizine Dihydrochloride and Ambroxol Hydrochloride

Levocetrizine Dihydrochloride and Ambroxol Hydrochloride SIMULTANEOUS ESTIMATION OF LEVOCETRIZINE DIHYDROCHLORIDE AND AMBROXOL HYDROCHLORIDE IN SYRUP DOSAGE FORM BY USING UV SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC METHOD S. S. Pekamwar, Madhav Shelke ABSTRACT: A simple, economical, rapid, accurate and precise UV Spectrophotometric method was developed for simultaneous estimation of Levocetrizine dihydrochloride and Ambroxol hydrochloride in bulk and in Syrup formulation. Determination of Levocetrizine dihydrochloride (LCTZ) and Ambroxol hydrochloride (AMB) in bulk and in syrup was conducted by using simultaneous equation method based on measurement of absorbance at 246 nm and 231 nm, ÃŽ »max of LCTZ and AMB, respectively. The solvent used for proposed method was methanol: water (50:50). The linearity for LCTZ and AMB was in the range of 5-35 Â µg/ml and 5-50 Â µg/ml, respectively. The developed method was validated as per ICH guidelines. The % recovery was found to be in the range of 99.52- 99.82% and 100.37- 100.72% for LCTZ and AMB, respectively. Thus the proposed method was simple, rapid, reproducible and accurate and can be successfully applied for simultaneous estimation of Levocetrizine dihydrochloride and Ambroxol hydroc hloride in bulk and in Syrup formulation. KEYWORDS: Levocetrizine dihydrochloride, Ambroxol hydrochloride, Simultaneous Equation Method, UV Spectrophotometry, Syrup, Validation. INTRODUCTION: Levocetirizine is a third generation non-sedative antihistamine. Chemically, levocetirizine is the active enantiomer of cetirizine. It is the L-enantiomer of the cetirizine racemate. Levocetirizine works by blocking histamine receptors. Levocetrizine is chemically, (R)-2-[2-[4-[(4- chlorophenyl)phenylmethyl] piperazin-1-yl] ethoxy] acetic acid dihydrochloride. Chemical Structure of Levocetrizine dihydrochloride: Ambroxol is an active N-desmethyl metabolite of mucolytic bromhexine. Ambroxol is used as a bronchosecretolytic and expectorant drug. Ambroxol has been shown to increase the quantity and decrease the viscosity of respiratory tract secretions. It enhances pulmonary surfactant production (surfactant activator) and stimulates ciliary motility. These actions result in improved mucus flow and transport (mucociliary clearance). Enhancement of fluid secretion and mucociliary clearance facilitates expectoration and eases cough. Ambroxol is chemically, trans-4-[(2-Amino-3,5-dibromobenzyl)amino] cyclohexanol hydrochloride. Chemical Structure of Ambroxol hydrochloride: Literature survey revealed that various analytical methods involving UV Spectrophotometry, HPLC and HPTLC have been reported for LCTZ and AMB alone and in Combination with other drugs. However there is no method developed for simultaneous estimation of Levocetrizine dihydrochloride and Ambroxol hydrochloride in liquid dosage form (Syrup). The objective of present work was to develop simple, rapid, economical accurate and precise analytical method for simultaneous estimation of Levocetrizine dihydrochloride and Ambroxol hydrochloride in bulk and in liquid dosage form (Syrup). The developed method was validated in accordance with ICH guidelines and successfully employed for the assay of LCTZ and AMB in combined liquid dosage form (Syrup). MATERIALS AND METHODS Chemicals and Reagents: Analytically, pure LCTZ and AMB were provided as gift sample by Bidwai Chemicals Pvt. Ltd. Nanded and Glenmark Pharmaceuticals, Mumbai, Maharashtra, respectively. Syrup of LCTZ and AMB, Mzic D manufactured by Monad Pharmaceuticals, were purchased from local pharmacy. Methanol AR grade (Molychem) and Distilled water was used throughout the experimental work. Instruments: A UV-Visible Spectrophotometer: Shimadzu, Model: UV-1800 with 1 cm matched quartz cell and UV Probe 2.33 software was used. Calibrated analytical balance Anamed was used for weighing purpose. Digital Ultrasonic Cleaner (Sonicator): HMG India and Vaccum Pump Assembly: Millipore was used for the experimental work. Preparation Standard Stock Solution: Ambroxol hydrochloridre standard stock solution: Accurately weighed reference standard of AMB (10mg) was transferred to 100ml volumetric flask and dissolved in 50 ml solvent (Water, methanol 1:1) and sonicate for 5 min. then volumes was made up to the mark with same solvent; to obtain standard stock solution (100Â µg/ml) of drug. For the preparation of working standards, suitable aliquots of stock solution were pipette out and volumes were made up to the mark with solvent (Water, methanol 1:1); so as to get required concentrations. Levocetrizine dihydrochloride standard stock solution: Accurately weighed reference standard of LCTZ (10mg) was transferred to 100ml volumetric flask and dissolved in 50 ml solvent (Water, methanol 1:1) and sonicated for 5 min. then volumes was made up to the mark with same solvent; to obtain standard stock solution (100Â µg/ml) of drug. For the preparation of working standards, suitable aliquots of stock solution were pipette out and volumes were made up to the mark with solvent (Water, methanol 1:1); so as to get required concentrations. Selection of analytical wavelength: Sample solutions were scanned over the wavelength range of 200 nm to 400 nm, ÃŽ »max for AMB and LCTZ were found at 231 nm and 246 nm. Representative absorption spectra of AMB and LCTZ are shown in fig. 1 2. Fig. 1 : Absorption Spectra of LCTZ Fig. 2 : Absorption spectra of AMB Preparation of calibration curve of AMB and LCTZ By appropriate dilution of standard stock solution, different dilutions were prepared ranging from 5Â µg/ml to 35Â µg/ml for LCTZ and 5 Â µg/ml to 50 Â µg/ml for AMB. Absorbance of all the dilutions was plotted against the respective concentrations to obtain the calibration curves. The absorption overlain spectrum of AMB and LCTZ is shown in fig. 3 Fig. 3 : Overlay Spectra of LCTZ AMB Fig. 4 : Calibration Curve of LCTZ Fig. 5 : Calibration Curve of AMB Analysis of Marketed Syrup Formulation: Ten syrup bottles were weighed accurately, average weight was determined and poured in calibrated measuring cylinder to check extractable volume. As per label claim syrup contain LCTZ 5mg/5ml and AMB 30mg/5ml, so 5ml syrup was pipette out in 100 ml volumetric flask and dissolved in water: methanol (1:1) solution, sonicated for 10 min and filtered. Then different concentrations of syrup sample were prepared by serial dilution method and used for analysis. Prepared syrup sample was analysed on UV spectrophotometer using Simultaneous Equation Method. Method Validation The method validation parameters linearity, precision, accuracy, repeatability, limit of detection and limit of quantitation were checked as per ICH guidelines. Precision: Precision of the method was verified by using syrup stock solution, the repeatability indicates the performance of the UV instrument. Interday and intraday precision was determined by repeating the assay three times in same day for intraday precision and on different day for interday precision studies. Accuracy (Recovery Study): To check the accuracy of proposed method, recovery studies were carried out at 80%, 100% and 120% of the test conc. As per ICH guidelines. To perform recovery study at 100%, 5ml syrup pipette out in volumetric flask and to this standard 30mg AMB and 5mg LCTZ was added. The volume as made up to the mark with water: methanol (1:1) solution and further dilution with same solvent to obtain sample solution Similarly, for 80% recovery study, 26mg AMB and 4mg LCTZ were added, and for 120% recovery study, 36mg AMB and 6mg LCTZ were added respectively. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Precision Intraday Precision: Sr. No. Interval of Concentration (Â µg/ml) % Recovery Time AMB LCTZ I 30.10 4.96 100.34 99.35 II Intra-day 29.95 4.95 99.84 99.28 III 30.20 4.97 100.68 99.54 Table 1 : Intra-day Precision data of marketed formulation Name of the drug Mean* SD %RSD AMB 100.28 0.4225 0.4213 LCTZ 99.40 0.1345 0.1353 * Indicates average of three determinations Table No. 2 : Statistical validation of intra-day precision data Inter-day Precision: Sr. No. Interval of Concentration (Â µg/ml) % Recovery Time AMB LCTZ AMB LCTZ I 30.14 4.98 100.45 99.79 II Inter-day 30.09 4.98 100.32 99.72 III 29.96 4.98 99.87 99.63 Table 3 : Inter-day Precision Data Name of the drug Mean* SD %RSD AMB 100.21 0.3043 0.3036 LCTZ 99.71 0.0802 0.0804 * Indicates average of three determinations Table 4 : Statistical validation of inter-day precision data Accuracy (Recovery study): Level of Recovery Amount present (mg/5ml) Added concentration (mg) Amount recovered (mg) % Recovery AMB LCTZ AMB LCTZ AMB LCTZ AMB LCTZ 30 5 24 4 54.31 8.97 100.58 99.74 80% 30 5 24 4 54.20 8.95 100.38 99.52 30 5 24 4 54.38 8.98 100.72 99.82 30 5 30 5 60.28 9.96 100.47 99.68 100% 30 5 30 5 60.32 9.97 100.54 99.70 30 5 30 5 60.22 9.95 100.38 99.54 30 5 36 6 66.31 10.96 100.48 99.69 120% 30 5 36 6 66.36 10.96 100.56 99.72 30 5 36 6 66.24 10.95 100.37 99.58 Table 5 : Recovery study data Level of recovery % Mean recovery S.D. % R.S.D. AMB LCTZ AMB LCTZ AMB LCTZ 80% 100.56 99.70 0.1708 0.1553 0.1698 0.1557 100% 100.46 99.64 0.0802 0.0871 0.0798 0.0874 120% 100.47 99.67 0.0953 0.0737 0.0948 0.0951 Table 6 : Statistical validation of recovery study data Limit of Detection and Limit of Quantitation: Name of the drug LOD Â µg/ml LOQ Â µg/ml AMB 3.1645 9.5896 LCTZ 3.0891 9.3611 Table 7 : LOD LOQ CONCLUSION: The method used is simple and rapid and does not involve the use of complex instrument, low value of Standard deviation showed that the method is precise and high percentage of recovery of as shown in table shows that the method is accurate. Thus from the results it can be concluded that above developed UV method is suitable for estimation of AMB and LCTZ in syrup formulation. The estimated method is sensitive, precise, accurate, specific and economic. Hence, the method can be used successfully for quality control and routine analysis of finished pharmaceutical dosage form. REFERENCES: Indian Pharmacopoeia 2007, The Indian Pharmacopoeia Commission, Government of India, Ministry of Health Family Welfare, Ghaziabad, Volume 2, 83 , 672. Makarand Avhad, Dr. C.G. Bonde, development and validation of simultaneous uvspectrophotometric Method for the determination of levofloxacin and ambroxol in tablets, International Journal of ChemTech Research, 2009, 1, 4, 873-888 P.A. Patel, M.N. Dole, P.S. Shedpure, S.D. Sawant, Spectrophotometric Simultaneous Estimation of Salbutamol And Ambroxol In Bulk And Formulation, Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research, 4, 2011, 42-45 Ilangovan Ponnilavarasan, Chebrolu.Sunil Narendra Kumar, and P.Asha, Simultaneous Estimation of Ambroxol Hydrochloride and Loratadine in Tablet Dosage form by Using Uv Spectrophotometric Method, 2.2011, 338-345 Jawed Akhtar, Monica Padaria, Development Validation of UV Spectrophotometric Methods for Simultaneous Determination of Doxofylline Ambroxol Hydrochloride in Bulk their Combined Dosage Form, Indo Global Jr. of Ph. Sciences, 2013, 3(1), 90-95 Ritu Kimbahune, Sunil K, Prachi Kabra, Kuldeep Delvadiya, Sanjay Surani, Spectrophotometric Simultaneous Analysis of Ambroxol Hydrochloride, Guaifenesin and Terbutaline Sulphate In Liquid Dosage Form (Syrup), International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Review And Research, 8, 2, 2011, 24-28 Jyostna S.Patil, Chandan R. Rane, Radhika D.Ingale, Simultaneous Spectrophotometric Methods for Estimation of Levocetirizine and Ambroxol in Pharmaceuticalv Dosage Form, Journal of Chemical, Biological and Physical Sciences, 2013, 3, 2, 1115-1122 S Lakshmana Prabu, AA Shirwaikar, Annie Shirwaikar, C Dinesh Kumar, G Aravind Kumar, Simultaneous UV spectrophotometric estimation of ambroxol hydrochloride and levocetirizine dihydrochloride, Indian J Pharm Sci, 70(2), 2008, 236–238. Kishore Konam, Pottabathula Hari Prasad, Punuri Samuel Lukaraju, Sirajudeen. M.A, Determination of montelukast sodium and levocetrizine hydrochloride by using HPTLC method, Elixir International Journal, 38, 2011, 4276-4278 Madhura V Dhoka, Shakuntala S. Chopade, Method Development Comparative Statistical Evaluation of HPLC HPTLC Method for Simultaneous Estimation of Cefodrixil Monohydrate Ambroxol Hydrochloride, Indo Global Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2(2), 2012, 203-212 Prince Francis Moses, Prathap Singh, Alagar Raja, David Banji , Analytical Method Development and Validation for Simultaneous Estimation of Ambroxol and Desloratadine in its Pharmaceutical Dosage Form By Rp-Hplc, World Journal Of Pharmacy And Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2(6), 2013, 6246-6262 Rathore AS, Sathiyanarayanan L, Mahadik KR, Development of Validated HPLC and HPTLC Methods for Simultaneous Determination of Levocetirizine Dihydrochloride and Montelukast Sodium in Bulk Drug and Pharmaceutical Dosage Form, Pharm Anal Acta, 1(1), 2010, 1-6

Macbeth :: Literary Analysis, Shakespeare

Within the pages of the play Macbeth, one can find the five distinct literary devices of symbolism, allusion, alliteration, personification, and repetition used throughout. These three devices aid the story along and help develop the plot and characters each in a different way. With the use of symbolism, or the practice of representing things by means of symbols that give significance to objects (The Free Dictionary 2011), events, or relationships, one can see that this device helps the overall plot and development of characters by showing the significance of emotions, such as guilt, by the players. Symbolism brings a lot to the overall work as it gives the readers a deeper look into the emotions brought up in the play, helps the reader associate symbols to actual meanings, and gives the story a kind of depth that would not be there without. One quotation that shows the use of symbolism is by Lady Macbeth, â€Å"Out, damned spot! Out, I say†¦Yet who would have thought the old man to have had so much blood in him?† (Act 5, Scene 1, lines 30-34) (Sparknotes 2011). This quote shows the imagined blood on Lady Macbeth’s hands as the symbol of the guilt and remorse, as well as fright, that she feels over all the deaths that have been implemented by her in the play. Lady cannot get rid of the blood which is a symbol for how she cannot get the deaths out of her consciousness. Allusion, or a passing reference to something in the Bible, history, or literature, is used in the play as a way of letting the reader and audience gain depth into the story and overall it helps the actors get the meaning they are trying to convey across to the audience. One quotation that shows the use of allusion is by Malcolm, â€Å"Angels are bright still, though the brightest fell.† (Act 4, Scene 3, line 23) (Sparknotes 2011). This quote is a biblical allusion that refers to the angel Lucifer’s fall from grace. In the context of the play, the quotes is in reference to Macbeth and how even though everything that is evil tries to present itself as good, there will always be a flaw and evil will never prevail. Alliteration, or the repetition of the same sounds or of the same kinds of sounds at the beginning of words or in stressed syllables (The Free Dictionary 2011), is used in the play Macbeth to get an actor’s point across in a powerful and intense fashion.

The chaos in Part 2 of ‘Atonement’ is matched by the chaos in ‘The Crucible’

McEwan’s ‘Atonement’ throws its narration into an abject state of confusion in Part Two, with Robbie facing the horrible images of war which repeatedly return in his state of consciousness as menacing flashbacks; history has once again repeated itself in the destruction of French society as he makes his way towards Dunkirk, while the citizens of Salem in ‘The Crucible’ experience the terrible murders and descent into chaos at the whim of Abigail and the breakdown of order within society. Little is left to imagination in the opening of Part Two within ‘Atonement’, as McEwan assumes the narrative role of Robbie in the midst of confusion and the reader is immediately thrust into a situation where there ‘were horrors enough’, with worse to come as he examines the destruction of a household as he notes ‘The scraps of cloth†¦may have been a child’s†¦ A boy’s’. The complete lack of respect for human life is fully realised when Robbie observes that ‘it was a leg in a tree†¦wedged in the first forking of the trunk†¦severed cleanly†¦ small enough to be a child’s’; it is disturbing that the Robbie notes that the leg ‘seemed to be on display, for their benefit or enlightenment: this is a leg’. The situation of body parts strewn across the landscape can only be seen as a ‘normal’ situation, and Robbie describes his company as ‘[refusing] to be drawn in†¦in the past few days they had seen enough’. Miller mirrors this in ‘The Crucible’, especially in regards to the lack of respect for human life. The Putnams, described as ‘a man with many grievances’. Disturbingly it is this very part of him that results in the ensuing chaos of which he acts as a land-grabber, making full use of the Salem witch trials to his profit. The audience becomes fully aware of this motivation when the introduction of his character notes that ‘many accusations against people are in the handwriting of Thomas Putnam’, and the later accusations of Proctor are first hinted by Putnam suggesting that ‘The tract is in (his) bounds’; notably after Proctor’s condemnation the only person that can afford to purchase such expensive property within Salem is, in fact, Thomas Putnam. In another accusation, Giles Corey argues that ‘If Jacobs hangs†¦there is none but Putnam with the coin to buy so great a piece’. We see the descent into chaos as Putnam is clearly willing to trade human life for his own physical gain, with even the Reverend Paris in implied collusion, when he adamantly exclaims that Salem has not treated him in accordance to his rights as a minister, and he too decides to join the accusation bandwagon which only leads to condemnation of further innocence. Both texts refer to the destruction of humanity; it is disturbingly normalised in Robbie’s war with the citizens only seeing ‘mutilated bodies’, ‘in a way tortured by war’2 while the envy of the characters within ‘The Crucible’ is directly responsible for the deaths that ensue. Miller also portrays a sense of hysteria within the town; Abigail acts as the initiator of the hysteria bandwagon, choosing to accuse Tituba of witchcraft, with dark intentions of having her own charges dropped: ‘I never called him! Tituba, Tituba†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢. The trials and chaos that ensure therefore comes as a direct consequence of a single accusation, as Abigail realises that she, and many others, stand to gain much more from false accusations and Proctor furiously states that ‘little crazy children are jangling the keys of the kingdom, and common vengeance writes the law’. A disturbing reflection of this is portrayed in Robbie witnessing the scene where the soldiers began to turn against their own side: ‘he was in the RAF and the tommies held him accountable†¦everyone had suffered, and now someone was going to pay’. The lack of chapter demarcations within Part Two gives first indication of the descent into chaos as order is broken down, and previous allies are instead pitted against each other as ‘a hand whipped out and slapped the man’s face’ and disturbingly he notes that even he could ‘[understand] the exhilaration among the tormentors and the insidious way it could claim him’. It is clear that the war has a chaotic effect on men, as ‘McEwan†¦ [creates] the commentary that war can destroy even the best of men’2, including Robbie. It is only through the intervention of Mace that this chaos is somewhat diverted away from the RAF officer; clearly morality is still in existence but is already veering towards questionable. Miller similarly alludes to his in the accusations against Tituba, when even the lowly servant who simply works on behalf of the family is used as a scapegoat. The following accusations are similarly targeted at Good and Osburn, solely for being of lowly sort within Salem’s society and the easiest targets. Eventually the accusations take a much more hysterical turn when Putnam stands as perhaps the most corrupt schemer within Salem; he is the only to accuse Rebecca Nurse of witchcraft, in which even the authorities including Parris and Hale find questionable. Society within both Salem and Atonement’s scope reveals the true nature of chaos and hysteria as direct result of human nature and envy. It is thus described by some commentators that ‘the witch trials offered†¦a release of pent-up frustrations and emotion’1 In both cases it is notably the children that advocate and cause the chaos; Robbie explicitly refers to Briony as the sole creator of his destruction. In his converse with Cecilia, we see the full capacity for destruction on behalf of children within the text: ‘Yes, she was just a child. But not every child sends a man to prison with a lie. ’ In Miller’s case, this is exactly what follows Abigail’s initial accusations; she opens further accusations, and in a fit of vengeance decides to openly accuse Proctor of witchcraft, and under Abigail’s leadership the children clamour together and even implicate Mary Warren, one of their own, as colluding with a witch. Hence both texts present chaos in the form of an upturned society, where the higher authorities hold little to no power. The opening of Part Two in ‘Atonement’ already hints towards this, as Robbie is noted for taking ‘the dead captain’s revolver’, with later instances of insubordination as they refuse to listen to a commander who insists on a suicide operation to push the Germans back. In Salem, it is the children that make the bulk of the evidence within the judiciary system, and even the ‘weighty judges’ Danforth and Hathorne are somewhat unwilling to question the evidence of the children, with Danforth only willing to ‘worriedly’ question Abigail’s evidence, not to seek the truth, but rather to protect his own reputation as a judge; we see Abigail directly challenge Danforth himself who can only shrink back in fear. The failure of order within society is clear in both texts; Robbie assumes command of Mace and Nettle despite the two being a higher rank than he is himself, and repeatedly we see the two referring to him as ‘Guv’nor’. Crucially, in both texts the onslaught of chaos is exacerbated by the very people who we assume to be willing and able to curb it. Cecilia angrily accuses Leon of being a ‘grinning, spineless idiot’ and that she now understands ‘the snobbery that lay behind their (her family’s) stupidity’. Conversely, in Salem it is Danforth who crucially holds the ability to change the course of chaos, yet he too insists on furthering the accusations to save his own reputation, insisting that ‘there will be no postponement’, as he ‘cannot pardon these when twelve are already hanged for the same crime’; he is ‘loath to relinquish control to anyone†¦he cannot cope with the potential chaos caused by free thought’1 Hence the two texts illustrate the full force of chaos, ‘Atonement’ in the sense of physical and psychological destruction, while ‘The Crucible’ draws links to destruction and chaos as a result of human nature. Arguably it is possible to see the physical deaths and horrific images of corpses as far greater chaos than in Miller’s play; Robbie’s narration is evocative in normalising the sight of corpses and breakdown of order. However, ‘The Crucible’ also somewhat matches the chaos and cruelty of war, as we see the executions of numerous innocents as the result of human treachery and envy. The chaos that ensues in Miller’s descriptions are therefore far more disturbing in the driving force behind the destruction, where chaos is the result of intentions; in ‘Atonement’ Robbie is only swept away into chaos and imprisonment by the act of a ‘silly, hysterical girl’ who does not necessarily realise the full weight of her actions, while within Salem it is the deliberate acts of individuals that contribute. Thus the chaos seen within both texts is generally matched, although with different motives – it is a different sort of chaos that is portrayed within the two, where one is avoidable and the other perhaps unavoidable in the sense of war and its inherent destructive capacity.